Author: KarenZ, Foresight News

This week, the Solana ecosystem's re-staking project Solayer unveiled its roadmap for 2025, with a core highlight being the upcoming hardware-accelerated SVM blockchain—"Solayer InfiniSVM." For Solayer, "Solayer InfiniSVM" is undoubtedly a crucial part of achieving its long-term vision.

Solayer's chief engineer Chaofan Shou joined the Solayer team after abandoning his PhD studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He revealed that the team drew significant inspiration from Solana's validator client Firedancer during the development process and decided to offload most of Solana's components to SmartNICs and programmable switches. This approach greatly enhances the network's processing capacity, making transaction processing more efficient.

In the Solayer Chain, every transaction follows a specific workflow. Transactions first enter a scalable entry cluster composed of hundreds of thousands to millions of nodes, which clean and pre-execute transactions based on probabilistic predictions of future states. Subsequently, all execution snapshots are sent to a sorter built with Intel Tofino switches and additional FPGAs. Notably, most transactions are confirmed as valid during the pre-execution phase, eliminating the need for re-execution on the sorter. For the remaining conflicting transactions, the sorter of Solayer Chain employs a state-of-the-art (SOTA) scheduling algorithm based on fine-grained account access patterns collected during pre-execution to ensure fairness and efficiency in transaction processing.

In terms of performance, Chaofan Shou stated that for simple workloads, Solayer Chain can achieve over 16 billion transactions per second (TPS); for conflicting workloads, it can reach a level of 890,000 TPS. This means that on Solayer Chain, billions of USDC transfer requests and millions of transactions for the same memecoin on Raydium can be processed every second.

So how is Solayer InfiniSVM achieved?

How Solayer Chain Works

According to the Solayer Chain Lightpaper, Solayer Chain achieves infinite scalability of a single-state blockchain by distributing workloads between dedicated hardware and clusters while maintaining a global atomic state.

Solayer states that through SDN (Software Defined Networking) and RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) connections, it can achieve 100 Gbps while maintaining atomic state. Solayer InfiniSVM achieves 1ms transaction confirmation by offloading to hardware circuits and kernels, spanning incoming, sorting, scheduling, banking, and storage.

Here is a brief overview of the Solayer Chain workflow:

1. Transaction Ingress: Each transaction enters an initial entry point as shown in the top left of the diagram, where it undergoes signature verification (sigverify) and local deduplication (to avoid duplicate transactions).

2. Pre-execution Phase: Verified transactions are then sent to a pre-execution cluster for pre-execution.

3. Sorting and Scheduling: Transaction results and intermediate snapshots are sent to the sorter via InfiniBand (which provides a high-speed, low-latency network architecture tailored for high-performance computing and data center environments). The sorter uses SDN switches and FPGAs to determine whether a transaction follows a simple path or a complex path.

• Simple Path: If all accounts are the latest version during pre-execution, state changes will be applied directly via RDMA, using local caching on the SDN, avoiding further processing by the sorter.

• Complex Path: If at least one account has an updated version, the transaction will enter the local memory pool. The sorter schedules transactions in the local memory pool to ensure fair and optimal parallel execution of all transactions.

1. State Update: The state changes of executed transactions are updated in the sharded database. The sharded database uses the RDMA protocol for efficient cross-node data access.

2. Transaction Broadcasting: After the transaction is executed and the state changes are written, the transaction is broadcasted through global PoPs (Points of Presence, network access points).

In terms of consensus mechanism, Solayer Chain adopts a Proof-of-Authority-and-Stake hybrid consensus protocol, batching transactions into shreds, each containing a slot number, transaction vector, version metadata of accessed accounts, and a link hash. Trusted entities act as sorters and publish shreds, while validators stake and vote to determine whether the shreds can be accepted.

It is worth mentioning that Solayer Chain not only focuses on performance but also introduces several user experience improvements, particularly at the chain level, such as:

• Hook: Allows developers to embed post-transaction logic such as arbitrage, liquidation, and accounting directly into the chain.
• Large Transactions: Supports larger transaction sizes, allowing cross-program calls.
• Cross-chain Calls: Achieves atomic operations across chains through built-in system programs.
• Built-in OAuth Support: Enables users to use OAuth services like Google, X, or Reddit as wallets.

Emphasizing Hooks, they allow developers to embed logic such as arbitrage, liquidation, and accounting directly into the chain. Additionally, Solayer Chain has set up an incentive and fee model for hooks. The execution of hooks adopts a bidding model similar to Dutch auctions. Developers or users wishing to attach a hook to a specific program must bid (bidding for the right to execute the hook in the next epoch, one epoch at a time), with the bidding price determining whether the hook can be executed and its priority. The top 16 highest bidders win.

Each time a hook is executed, its bidding amount is distributed as follows:

• 40% to the transaction initiator.
• 40% to the program owner, incentivizing them to develop and maintain high-quality programs.
• 20% to the network, to offset additional on-chain computational costs.

The model of distributing bidding fees to transaction initiators and program owners will encourage more developers and users to participate in the use of hooks. This not only enhances the platform's functionality but also increases network activity. Through this, Solayer Chain can effectively prevent spam transactions or malicious MEV exploitation off-chain, providing an additional layer of protection for the network.

The vision of Solayer Chain is not only to enhance performance but also to integrate more user experience and developer-friendly features into blockchain technology.

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