Original Author:@0xmarkyzl
Mentor:@CryptoScottETH_
TL;DR
API3 is an innovative first-party oracle project that focuses on enabling data providers to run their own oracles, ensuring first-party data is delivered directly to blockchain applications without intermediaries, enhancing data integrity, and addressing critical trust issues. API3 ensures data quality standards by managing and monitoring data providers, replacing those who fail to meet the standards, reducing user reliance on trust while ensuring data integrity.
By deploying first-party oracles and decentralized APIs (dAPI) using Airnode technology, API3 facilitates a more direct, secure, and efficient connection between data providers and blockchain networks, mitigating potential issues of traditional third-party oracles, ensuring higher security, transparency, efficiency, and reducing data transmission costs and potential risk points.
The combination of OEV Network and ZK-Rollup mechanisms brings greater competitiveness to API3 and significant progress to the dApp and oracle race. This approach captures MEV and channels value back into the protocol ecosystem, releasing new value flows for stakeholders, promoting a more balanced and financially sustainable ecosystem.
API3 has a carefully designed, unique, and powerful token economic model. Its tokens are empowered through mechanisms such as burning and staking rewards locked for a year to combat inflation, and incentivizing staking through dynamic APR. Importantly, its economic model incorporates the operational and risk factors of the protocol itself, bringing a self-regulating mechanism of negative feedback loops, enabling stakeholders and governors to quickly reach consensus on governance decisions for the project's long-term development, thereby enhancing protocol stability by suppressing excessive risk, ultimately creating a positive feedback loop for the protocol's development, benefiting multiple parties in the long term.
With its innovative first-party oracle approach and high focus on data reliability and security, combined with a fully decentralized governance model of DAO, and a broader application scope in data provision, API3's future may not be limited to providing oracle feeding services as an intermediary component, but may become the infrastructure for on-chain ecosystems and diverse dApp development, providing the possibility of on-chain development for more ubiquitous API applications in our real life, continuously promoting ecosystem innovation while setting new standards for the oracle race.
Preface
In the evolving Web3.0 ecosystem, decentralized applications (dApps) are experiencing rapid growth, highlighting their increasing value and expanding the demand for real-world data integration, making the decentralized oracle race one of the most important components of the on-chain ecosystem. However, a major challenge still exists: how to seamlessly and securely integrate off-chain data into the blockchain ecosystem. In this context, API3 emerges as a solution to this challenge, aiming to fundamentally change the data interface between off-chain and on-chain environments.
1. Project Introduction
Launched in December 2020, API3 is a pioneering first-party oracle project that aims to enable most APIs tailored for centralized applications to enter the decentralized world of Web3.0 without imposing significant burdens on API providers or dApp project developers.
Unlike traditional third-party oracle networks, API3 focuses on first-party data provision. Its infrastructure revolves around decentralized APIs (dAPI) and utilizes serverless oracle node technology Airnode, allowing API providers to directly connect their data to dApp projects, eliminating the reliance on traditional third-party intermediaries for data aggregation and transmission common in traditional oracle networks. Fundamentally, dAPI is compatible with blockchain technology, achieves cross-chain integration, and provides cross-platform oracle solutions.
API3's governance model is based on decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), granting decision-making power to token holders, ensuring a transparent and community-driven ecosystem. It is reasonable to expect that API3's innovative framework has the potential to meet the critical need for decentralized and trustworthy data sources in the blockchain field, potentially setting new standards for the oracle race and on-chain data integration, establishing a more interconnected and efficient decentralized future.
1.1 Team Background
https://www.linkedin.com/in/heikki-v%C3%A4nttinen-83a86380/?originalSubdomain=pt
Heikki Vanttinen, Co-founder of API3, has accumulated rich work experience in multiple fields, particularly in blockchain technology and smart contract development. As the founder and CEO of CLC Group, Heikki focused on achieving seamless integration of smart contracts with the real world, demonstrating outstanding capabilities in business development, decentralized application development, and research across multiple disciplines. His entrepreneurial and marketing experience also showcases his leadership and business insight in cross-functional team management, business expansion, and new market development.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/burak-benligiray-b3055715b/
Burak Benligiray, Co-founder of API3 and Head of the core technical team, holds a Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and has served as a research assistant at the university, delving into various technical fields. Burak possesses extensive experience and remarkable technical capabilities in technology innovation and research, demonstrating profound expertise in blockchain technology and smart contracts, dedicated to building a decentralized and minimally trusted system.
1.2 Funding Status
According to Crunchbase data, on November 12, 2020, API3 secured a $3 million seed round led by Placeholder. In this round, 13 institutions, including Pantera Capital, Accomplice, CoinFund, Digital Currency Group, Hashed, and Solidity Ventures, participated in the investment.
Additionally, in the token public sale conducted in December 2020, API3 raised a total of $23 million.
1.3 Key Developments
On January 29, 2021, it was announced that a partnership was established with the Polkadot Layer 2 protocol Plasm Network to introduce Airnode-supported APIs and data feeding into the Polkadot ecosystem.
On April 20, 2021, a 10-year partnership with the Open Banking project was announced, opening up API usage to allow developers to build applications and services around financial institutions and develop blockchain solutions.
On June 3, 2021, a partnership was formed with the crypto credit data company Credmark to launch a decentralized risk model platform for scoring decentralized finance projects.
On March 25, 2022, a partnership was announced with the Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution Metis to provide a Web 3 API directory for developers on Metis and to provide data feeding for the Metis ecosystem.
On May 4, 2022, a partnership was announced with the Australian National University to launch a quantum random number generator (QRNG) usable for smart contracts, ensuring unpredictable randomness.
On January 29, 2024, the launch of the ZK-Rollup platform OEV Network was announced, increasing DeFi protocol revenue by capturing and utilizing oracle-extractable value, ensuring instant income for dApps and enhancing security, transparency, and accountability through on-chain auctions.
2. Project Implementation Mechanism
The overall mechanism of API3 is depicted in the diagram. API3 connects various parties in the form of a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). API providers earn revenue by providing data, dApps pay subscription fees to access data services provided by dAPI, and if dApp users encounter issues with dAPI data, they can submit claims. Token stakers receive rewards and voting rights in the API3 DAO through the staking mechanism. The specific mechanism will be detailed in the following sections.
2.1 From API to dAPI
In Web 2.0, APIs play a crucial role in facilitating data exchange between various digital platforms, enabling seamless communication for software applications and supporting the functionality of modern digital services in our lives. For example, when we use a ticket booking website to reserve flights, the website typically relies on APIs to retrieve real-time pricing and availability from various airlines' databases.
The concept of dAPI extends the application model of traditional APIs to the decentralized domain. Unlike traditional APIs that rely on centralized servers and third-party intermediaries, dAPI provides direct data feeds from data providers to users without any intermediaries.
API3's dAPI is built on Airnode-supported oracles, allowing API providers to directly connect their data sources to the blockchain network, enabling dApps to access real-world data in a secure, trustless manner. API3 offers two types of data interface services: hosted dAPI and self-funded dAPI, catering to different potential use cases. Additionally, API3 uses multi-signature wallets and governance protocols to manage changes to its dAPI configurations, balancing flexibility and security.
In the hosted dAPI model, multiple first-party oracles' data is aggregated and processed by a median function to provide a more reliable and stable data source, suitable for production environments with high requirements for data quality and stability. In this model, users need to pay fees to API3 to use the service, covering operational and management costs.
The specific mechanism is illustrated in the diagram, where API providers first send data to a single aggregator, which processes and integrates data from different sources to ensure reliable and consistent information for dApps. dApps can access processed data by calling dAPI and provide services based on this data. API3 DAO supervises the entire process through governance mechanisms to ensure system transparency and security.
On the other hand, self-funded dAPI allows users to bear the costs and receive data from a single first-party oracle. This approach provides developers with more flexibility and autonomy, allowing them to experiment with and use data interfaces at lower costs, particularly suitable for early-stage projects or cost-sensitive applications. In this model, users need to fund the operation of self-funded dAPI, with the funds used to cover on-chain transaction fees to ensure timely data updates.
The innovation brought by API3 in the dAPI model may signify a paradigm shift in data consumption patterns in the future decentralized environment. This approach not only directly reduces the latency, costs, and potential failure points associated with third-party intermediaries but also enhances data security and reliability. It represents an important step forward in seeking fully decentralized and efficient data solutions in Web3.0. Additionally, the concept of dAPI enables API3 to potentially realize and support decentralized implementations for ubiquitous API applications in our lives, beyond just providing oracle feeding services.
2.2 Core Technology of API3 - Airnode
Airnode is the core key component of API3, allowing API providers to convert their APIs into dAPIs, bridging the gap between off-chain APIs and on-chain smart contracts, enabling seamless flow of real-world data into the blockchain ecosystem.
Specifically, Airnode is a serverless oracle node, emphasizing decentralization and security in its architecture. The node is both easy for API providers to deploy and maintain and highly scalable. Unlike traditional oracles that typically require complex setups and intermediary services, Airnode's design allows API providers to become first-party oracles without the involvement of third parties, ensuring data integrity and security.
Another major advantage of Airnode is its simplified API integration process, requiring minimal blockchain knowledge and costs for API providers to set up and operate. This feature simplifies the process of API providers becoming first-party oracle nodes, promoting a more democratic use of blockchain technology and encouraging a wider range of data providers to participate in the decentralized data market.
Therefore, fundamentally, the design of Airnode is no longer just a solution for oracles but a foundational component for building a decentralized, secure, and user-centric data ecosystem. Through Airnode technology, API3 is expected to address common challenges faced by traditional oracle services, such as transparency, trust, and efficiency, paving the way for more robust and reliable dApp development.
2.3 OEV Network – Capturing Value, Nurturing the Ecosystem
In the cryptocurrency field, Miner Extractable Value (MEV) has always been an important concept. Due to the fact that on-chain transactions are not instantly finalized, block producers (such as miners or validators) can manipulate blocks by altering transaction order, inserting, or replacing transactions to earn additional profits. Oracle Extractable Value (OEV) can be considered as a subset of MEV.
Recently, API3 announced the launch of the ZK-Rollup platform OEV Network. OEV Network is a ZK-Rollup network customized with Polygon CDK, designed to capture all OEV generated by dApps using API3, aiming to alleviate the prevalent value leakage issue in current DeFi operations. The adoption of rollup makes the entire process transparent and verifiable, enhancing decentralization and trustlessness, and boosting user confidence in participation and usage.
First, let's understand what OEV is through an example. Imagine participating in an auction where everyone's bids are visible, and the auctioneer can choose to consider the order of bids. This situation creates an opportunity for the auctioneer to strategically manipulate certain bids for their or others' benefit, earning additional income. When oracles update or push data to the blockchain, even minor differences in timing or data accuracy can create opportunities to capture potential value for the "supplier," such as front-running, arbitrage, or liquidation.
The OEV Network developed by API3 aims to systematize and democratize this process. Operating as a dedicated order flow auction platform, the OEV Network captures the value generated by oracles during data updates and redistributes this value to DeFi protocols and their users. This process is executed through auctions, where the highest bidder wins the right to update the data source, and the fees paid are shared with dApps using API3 data sources.
By capturing OEV, API3 introduces a novel revenue source for dApps, strengthening the economic models of API providers and dApp projects. The winning bidder is required to pay an additional 10% fee on top of their bid, with half of it serving as API3's revenue source and the other half being allocated to the oracle provider. This method of distributing captured OEV to API providers also incentivizes their direct participation in building the Web3.0 ecosystem, fostering a fairer and more transparent data ecosystem. Additionally, the mechanism of on-chain auction feeding creates a decentralized and secure environment, promoting a fairer data ownership model and mitigating risks associated with centralized data feeding.
It's worth mentioning that Polygon co-founder Sandeep Nailwal praised API3's innovative solution for oracle value extraction, calling it a significant breakthrough for the DeFi ecosystem.
Overall, API3's OEV Network represents a significant advancement in the dApp and oracle domains, addressing critical inefficiency issues and unlocking new value flows for participants, potentially creating a more balanced and financially sustainable ecosystem for data providers and users in the future.
3. Protocol Revenue Sources
According to the whitepaper, API3's protocol revenue sources mainly include subscription fees paid by dApps, Oracle Extractable Value (OEV), and Service Coverage fees. The uses of protocol revenue include but are not limited to supporting ongoing project development, enhancing network security, operational costs, staking rewards, and rewarding potential stakeholders within the ecosystem. API3 governs the project through DAO to determine the allocation of its resources, ensuring the sustainability and stable growth of the project.
4. Token Economic Model
4.1 Basic Information
According to Etherscan data, the current maximum total supply of $API3 tokens is approximately 128 million, with a circulating supply of around 103 million. The uncirculated portion consists of reward tokens minted for token stakers, which will be unlocked one year after the reward date.
As shown in the diagram, the largest holding address for $API3 tokens is the staking pool, and the second-largest address is its treasury, together accounting for 62.6% of the total circulating supply of tokens. Additionally, exchange addresses such as Binance and OKX are also major holders of $API3. Therefore, the actual circulating supply of $API3 tokens in the market is relatively small, to some extent avoiding the occurrence of severe selling pressure.
Overall, API3 comprehensively adopts staking, collateralization, and governance in its token economic model. Its purpose is to incentivize participation, protect the network, and drive project growth by ensuring that token holders can influence the trajectory of the project, effectively manage resources, and participate in ecosystem expansion. By combining three utilities to build a sound token system, API3 achieves true decentralization of governance and operational activities.
4.2 Staking Mechanism
The staking mechanism is the core component of API3's token economic model, aiming to align the incentives of stakeholders with the long-term success of the project. By staking $API3 tokens, holders can receive newly minted tokens as staking rewards (distributed weekly) and gain governance voting rights in the API3 DAO. The staked tokens also serve as collateral, and in the event of dAPI failure, these tokens will be used as compensation for users.
To ensure service continuity, product quality, and fully decentralized governance, API3 has set a "staking target" and constantly strives for the staked token amount to reach a specific percentage of the total token supply. Currently, API3's staking target is 64,097,566 tokens, and the actual staked amount has not yet reached the target. Therefore, as shown in the diagram, API3 DAO will increase the APR by 1% on each subsequent reward date to incentivize more holders to stake tokens until the staking target is reached or the APR is increased to 75%.
Since the token rewards received by stakers are minted, theoretically, this would lead to token inflation. To address this, API3 has designed a deflationary mechanism. As shown in the diagram, the minted token rewards will be unlocked one year after the reward date, encouraging participants to hold and stake tokens for the long term rather than short-term speculation.
Next, the API3 DAO will require users of dAPI to burn or lock a specific amount of $API3 tokens for a certain period of time to access data services. As shown in the diagram, by examining API3's open-source code, we found that it allows any address to independently decide whether to enable or disable their burning permission and can burn a specific number of tokens by calling the Burn function. This method to some extent offsets the inflation caused by newly minted tokens, effectively reducing market supply pressure for $API3, benefiting all token holders, and enhancing the confidence of long-term investors and participants in staking.
By examining the historical staking situation of $API3, we also found that since 2021, the staked amount of its tokens has remained very stable and has not experienced significant fluctuations. Even in the recent scenario of a significant increase in the price of $API3 tokens, the staked amount has remained stable overall, without a significant amount of selling, indirectly proving the effectiveness of API3's staking mechanism.
4.3 Collateralization Mechanism
API3's collateralization mechanism can be considered as an on-chain oracle service insurance product, which provides quantifiable security in the form of Service Coverage.
The entire process can be summarized into several key steps:
Essentially, this process is similar to purchasing insurance, but it does not require any traditional insurance policies. Once the protocol confirms a malfunction in dAPI's functionality, users will receive compensation from the collateral pool. Additionally, API3 supports multiple types of cryptocurrencies (such as ETH), indicating the diversification of its service and collateralization mechanism.
More importantly, API3's collateral model is designed to bring about a self-regulating mechanism of negative feedback loops to avoid system over-expansion and potential self-destruction. Specifically, as API3 DAO expands and adds new dAPI users, the risk of overloading leading to dAPI malfunctions and triggering compensation also increases. Therefore, the potential demand for compensation provides motivation for API3 DAO to not excessively increase the load in the governance process, ensuring that API3 does not take unnecessary risks for short-term gains. This approach helps encourage and promote responsible and sustainable growth and development of API3 DAO.
In this way, the incentives of dAPI users and other token stakers are aligned, as they both have a common goal of avoiding system malfunctions. Stakers are motivated to oversee and maintain the healthy operation of dAPI due to the potential insurance compensation, while users benefit from the stability and reliability of the system. Additionally, since claimants for Service Coverage must stake tokens to make a claim, this increases the cost of making a claim, reducing the likelihood of false or abusive claims. This mechanism prevents the system from being abused by those who may exploit the coverage mechanism for personal gain rather than the health of the system. Ultimately, the self-regulating mechanism of negative feedback loops helps to suppress drastic fluctuations in token value. In token economics, stability is crucial for attracting long-term investors and users. By mitigating excessive risks and failure rates, this loop helps build confidence in $API3 tokens as a long-term store of value.
4.4 Governance Mechanism
In the API3 DAO, the only way to gain governance voting rights is by staking $API3 tokens. Therefore, governance bears all the risks and rewards of API3. As mentioned earlier, if governance does not actively participate, leading to a large number of claims, they will incur losses, and the tokens they staked will re-enter the market to be purchased by new governance participants. Conversely, if governance is effective, the supply of $API3 tokens in the market will decrease accordingly, potentially leading to a rise in token price due to scarcity, allowing governance to earn more rewards. This approach enables API3 DAO to continuously improve itself and recover from failures, achieving true decentralization.
4.5 Summary of Token Economic Model
Overall, API3's token economic model is a carefully designed complex model. $API3 tokens serve multiple purposes and demands, including staking, acting as collateral, insurance pool, governance voting rights, and accessing dAPI services. It not only combats potential token inflation by setting lock-up periods and burning tokens but also reduces selling pressure. More importantly, its economic model deeply integrates $API3 tokens with the project's operations, risks, and token value (supply), making governance no longer a trivial option but the most important tool for implementing incentives, maximizing the motivation for token stakers to actively participate in governance to reduce their own risk of loss. In this way, API3 links the long-term development of the project with stakeholders, ensuring the long-term stable development of the project and greatly promoting the process of true decentralization.
5. Market Analysis and Competitive Landscape
In recent years, the oracle sector has experienced significant growth and development due to its unique technical capabilities and wide range of applications. According to CoinGecko data, the total market value of the oracle sector has exceeded $13 billion. As an indispensable part of blockchain technology, oracles bridge the information gap between the crypto world and the real world, providing a way for smart contracts to access external data.
Chainlink has always been the absolute leader in the oracle sector. According to DefiLlama data, Chainlink currently provides services to over 50 different networks and 360 protocols, with a Total Value Secured (TVS) of over $17 billion, and its market value is far higher than its competitors. However, this market landscape does not mean there are no challenges and competitors. For example, API3 positions itself as a first-party oracle solution, emphasizing direct data feeding from data providers to the blockchain, aiming to reduce dependency and potential failure points associated with third-party oracles like Chainlink, providing greater advantages in data accuracy and latency.
5.1 Why First-Party Oracles Matter
In August 2020, nine Chainlink node operators were attacked. Since Chainlink nodes operate by responding to smart contract requests, obtaining and verifying real-world data, and then delivering the data to smart contracts, this process requires consuming Ethereum gas fees to pay for these operations. The attacker initiated the attack by sending a large number of seemingly valid price feed requests to Chainlink nodes, causing the node operators to suddenly face significant Ethereum gas fees. The attacker then hedged gas price fluctuations by minting $Chi, a gas token developed by 1inch at the time. After minting, the attacker sold these tokens for $ETH, effectively extracting $ETH from the node wallets, resulting in a loss of approximately 700 $ETH.
Although Chainlink took remedial measures promptly after the attack and continuously worked to improve its protocol to enhance network security and reliability, the risks associated with oracles remain a significant consideration. For example, Mango Markets and Bonq DAO also suffered significant losses due to oracle attacks. In fact, attackers exploited the mechanism of third-party oracles to carry out these attacks. In contrast, first-party oracles offer a different solution.
Traditional third-party oracles are hosted by third-party intermediaries, which aggregate external data and input it into smart contracts. This mechanism introduces additional layers of trust and potential costs, as well as potential concerns about central failure points, data manipulation risks, transparency, and trust issues. In contrast, as a first-party oracle, API3 allows API providers to operate oracle nodes, providing a more secure and cost-effective way to enhance data reliability and integrity in a decentralized manner.
5.2 Competition of First-Party Oracles
When it comes to first-party oracles, the recent popular Pyth Network protocol cannot be ignored. Next, we will analyze API3 and Pyth Network through a comparative approach.
It is evident that both projects have made significant contributions to the Web3.0 ecosystem by addressing the critical need for reliable, decentralized data sources. The main advantages of API3 include: a wider range of data applications, fully decentralized DAO governance model, low operational complexity, cost-effectiveness, high transparency, and a more robust token economic model.
From this data, we can see that Pyth Network has a greater advantage in terms of current integration depth and coverage. However, this does not mean that API3 lacks competitiveness. The fewer integrated protocols at present give API3 the opportunity to focus on providing high-quality services and deepening its presence on the blockchains it serves. In the future, as blockchain technology continues to evolve and more use cases emerge, API3 can expand its market share by increasing integration links, protocol support, and enhancing its value proposition. Additionally, API3's relatively smaller market size at present may make it more flexible, enabling it to adapt quickly to market changes and user needs, leading to greater growth and expansion opportunities. In the future, we expect API3 to enhance its position in the industry through innovation and optimization.
Therefore, we have reason to be optimistic about the future prospects of API3. Combined with the previously introduced OEV Network, when the architecture of dAPI is combined with OEV Network and ZK-Rollup, and governed by a fully decentralized DAO, we can see that the future of API3 may not only be about providing oracle services as an intermediary component, but also has the potential to become the infrastructure for on-chain ecosystems and dApp project development, and even has the potential to disrupt the market currently dominated by third-party oracles.
5.3 Risks
Despite the strong expectations brought by API3's various advantages, any blockchain project faces a series of unique risks, and API3's main risks may include the following:
Adoption: The future success of API3 largely depends on the adoption by API providers and their integration with blockchain projects. If API3 fails to gain sufficient traction or the adoption rate falls short of expectations, it could have a negative impact on the project's success and the value of its tokens.
Provider Attrition: If, for any reason, a large number of API providers cease their services or choose not to adopt API3, it could limit the diversity and quality of available data, potentially affecting the utility of the API3 network.
Security Vulnerabilities: Like any blockchain project, API3 may be affected by potential security vulnerabilities in its protocol, smart contracts, or Airnode technology. Any security vulnerability or exploit could lead to loss of funds or data and weaken user trust in the platform.
Competitive Landscape: The oracle sector is highly competitive, with established players like Chainlink already holding a significant market share. While API3's concept and design are highly creative, this does not guarantee the project's long-term success, so API3 still needs to stand out and prove its value proposition to overcome competitive pressure.
Therefore, in addition to its innovative approach and mechanisms, the success of API3 will also depend on factors such as technical execution, market adoption, competitive differentiation, regulatory environment, and more. Like all investments in the cryptocurrency space, thorough understanding of the project's strengths and risks is essential before making investment decisions.
- Conclusion
In general, API3 has brought a groundbreaking approach to the oracle field, directly connecting data providers and blockchain networks through first-party oracles and dAPI, enhancing security, transparency, and efficiency, while reducing the risks associated with data tampering and the costs related to data feeds. Additionally, API3 has a carefully designed robust token economic model, allowing smart contract platforms to build meaningful dApps using dAPI in a truly decentralized and trust-minimized manner through DAO governance. With the launch of its OEV Network, we have reason to expect that API3 will be adopted by more blockchain networks and dApp protocols in the future, and has the potential to become an infrastructure for the development and innovation of on-chain ecosystems, promoting the development of decentralized applications.
References
https://etherscan.io/token/0x0b38210ea11411557c13457D4dA7dC6ea731B88a
https://docs.api3.org/explore/
https://www.theblock.co/post/76986/chainlink-nodes-attack-eth
https://www.wublock123.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=47&id=23865
【Disclaimer】This report is an original work completed by the student @0xmarkyzl under the guidance of mentor @CryptoScottETH from @GryphsisAcademy. The author is solely responsible for all content, which does not necessarily reflect the views of Gryphsis Academy or the organization commissioning the report. Editorial content and decisions are not influenced by readers. Please be aware that the author may own cryptocurrencies mentioned in this report. This document is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as a basis for investment decisions. It is strongly recommended that you conduct your own research and consult with independent financial, tax, or legal advisors before making investment decisions. Please remember that past performance of any asset is not a guarantee of future returns._
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