The "centralization" and "decentralization" in Chinese history seem to be a pendulum, but overall, it has swung towards a more centralized model.

The benefits of decentralization are relatively stable, as seen in the Zhou and Han dynasties, which lasted for hundreds of years. Even the Song dynasty was able to persist for nearly a century in the face of the once-in-a-thousand-years monster that was the Mongols.

In earlier ancient times, centralization lacked systemic support and sufficient supporting classes (such as small landowners and scholars), which is why centralization often proved to be relatively short-lived (like the Qin and early Tang dynasties).

This is also another form of "long division must unite, long unification must divide," essentially a result of the tug-of-war between scale effects (centralized unification) and the power law of wealth and knowledge (aristocratic families vs. small landowners).

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