What is the difference between China's current construction of high-speed rail, ultra-high voltage power lines, and the ancient construction of the Great Wall and canals?

In fact, the logic is the same, which is the realization of scale effects.

In comparison, energy and bulk commodities basically have no scale effects; as long as you have oil, you can extract it.

The manufacturing industry does have scale effects, but they are not very obvious, so manufacturing is relatively more dispersed.

The internet industry absolutely benefits from scale effects, and AI does as well, which is why currently only China and the United States are participating.

Here comes the question: since the scale effects are so obvious, why don't other countries establish scale?

It's not that easy. China's scale effects were achieved after more than 2000 years of fierce competition. Europe faces the issue of trying to achieve scale effects because their civilization started too late and hasn't had the chance yet.

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