Original Title: Ethereum Upgrades to Watch in 2025
Original Author: Kazu Umemoto
Original Translation: Odaily Planet Daily
In 2024, Ethereum made significant progress in its rollup-centric development direction by introducing blob space through the Dencun upgrade, helping L2 reduce transaction costs by 10 to 100 times.
What Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) and Ethereum Requests for Comments (ERCs) should we closely watch in 2025?
This article will review five noteworthy Ethereum upgrades, some of which are confirmed to launch in the Pectra upgrade, while others will take longer to realize but have garnered attention from notable supporters.
EIP-3074
One of the most anticipated improvements in the Pectra upgrade is EIP-3074. Users can combine multiple transactions into one, allowing projects to sponsor user transactions and pay their gas fees, while also introducing a method to recover wallets in case users lose their private keys.
EIP-3074 introduces new Ethereum opcodes. This system will allow EOA users to authorize smart contracts to perform actions on their behalf in a single transaction while maintaining security and control without permanently transferring their private keys.
These new opcodes enable the following user-friendly utilities:
Transaction batching — batching multiple transactions (such as multiple token transfers) into a single operation.
Sponsored transactions — the ability for third parties to pay for transactions, opening new avenues for applications to cover gas fees for their users.
Conditional transactions — complex transaction structures where multiple steps can be linked and executed conditionally, such as transactions that only execute when certain conditions are met, without needing to transact separately for each step.
Meta-transactions — the ability to sign transactions that can be submitted by another party, such as signing transactions offline or from other interfaces without needing ETH as gas.
Delegated security — by allowing trusted callers to manage transactions, users can benefit from advanced security models, such as those involving multi-signature setups.
EIP-3074 represents the next significant step in the future development of Ethereum's account model. It serves as a short-term remedy before the rise of ERC-4337, but its improvement in user experience (UX) is substantial.
EIP-7251
For validators holding a large amount of ETH, EIP-7251 is undoubtedly a proposal of higher value. It allows validators to earn additional staking rewards beyond the standard 32 ETH staking limit. Previously, any amount staked over 32 ETH was idle. If validators wanted to stake additional ETH, they had to set up a brand new validation node and invest another 32 ETH. With EIP-7251, validators can use a single validation node to stake all their held ETH.
This improvement is expected to attract large institutions to run their own validation nodes, further participating in the Ethereum ecosystem.
Additionally, as part of the Pectra upgrade, this proposal may enhance the operational speed of the Ethereum network through the integration of validation nodes. For example, projects like Lido can reduce the number of validation nodes they operate and earn rewards on top of the 32 ETH base staking limit.
EIP-7002
As part of the Pectra upgrade, EIP-7002 addresses some significant risk issues in the operation of validation nodes.
For instance, if you want to earn rewards for running a validation node but do not want to deal with complex operations, you can delegate this task to a validation node operator and hand over the validation key to them (the validation key is used to validate and propose blocks). However, when you want to withdraw ETH, you must use the validation key to sign a "voluntary exit message" to complete the operation. If the operator deliberately obstructs this by not signing the message, or if the validation key is leaked, your ETH could be maliciously withheld or even extorted.
EIP-7002 provides a solution that allows stakers to withdraw ETH simply by using the withdrawal key. This improvement eliminates the risk of malicious operators refusing to sign exit messages and reduces the likelihood of ETH being withheld due to validation key leaks.
ERC-7683
In recent years, intents have been one of the hot topics in DeFi. ERC-7683 is a token standard designed to directly address cross-chain interoperability issues and define a shared structure for cross-chain intents. This standard "is like an order ticket that anyone can create and any resolver can fulfill."
ERC-7683 was first proposed in 2024, co-drafted by Uniswap and Across Protocol. ERC-7683 aims to standardize intents, bringing multiple benefits to the Ethereum ecosystem:
Unifying Ethereum: Establishing a common standard for cross-chain operations across L2 and sidechains, supporting Ethereum's goal as a leading decentralized application platform.
Achieving interoperability: Standardizing order and settlement interfaces for seamless cross-chain execution.
Eliminating fragmentation: Providing a common framework to coordinate different systems for smoother cross-chain operations.
Enhancing user experience: Offering users simplified, intuitive, and frictionless cross-chain interactions.
Increasing liquidity: Allowing DApps to access cross-chain shared filling networks, providing deeper liquidity.
Accelerating transactions: Reducing failure rates and speeding up transaction times by promoting competition among fillers.
Driving innovation: Transforming the cross-chain landscape by fostering collaboration and encouraging innovative solutions on Ethereum.
ERC-7841
ERC-7841 is a novel token standard that proposes a low-level message format and API for applications to send messages to or receive messages from other chains.
ERC-7841 abstracts chain-specific logic from applications, meaning the same application can be deployed across multiple chains without changing how it sends/receives messages.
ERC-7841 is a modular foundation that only specifies the information needed to route messages between applications. This allows specific message types (such as bridging or intent message types) to be flexibly built on a single interface rather than for each message type.
ERC-7841 is compatible with synchronous messaging protocols (like CIRC) and asynchronous messaging protocols (like most existing protocols and CIRC).
While there are other EIPs with similar goals, the ongoing discussions surrounding ERC-7841 indicate a strong momentum in the field of interoperability.
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