Author: Jason Jiang & Hedy Bi, OKLink

In the early hours of today, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell clearly stated at a press conference following the monetary policy meeting that the Federal Reserve has no intention of participating in any government plan to accumulate Bitcoin. He emphasized that such issues fall within the purview of Congress, and the Federal Reserve is not seeking to change existing laws to allow for the holding of Bitcoin. Powell's remarks immediately triggered market turbulence, with Bitcoin prices rapidly retreating from their highs earlier in the week. According to the prediction market Polymarket, the likelihood of a Bitcoin Strategic Reserve (BSR) dropped from a peak of 40% on the 18th to 34% after Powell's speech. The total market capitalization of the crypto market also plummeted, evaporating approximately 7.5%.

Image Source: Polymarket

This statement not only left the market questioning the prospects of the "Bitcoin Strategic Reserve (BSR)" but also refocused attention on a deeper question: Does the Federal Reserve really have the authority to block the BSR plan?

First, it is necessary to clarify the position of the Federal Reserve within the U.S. financial system. The Federal Reserve's superior authority is the U.S. Congress: Congress is the highest power institution for all financial regulatory agencies, legislating financial regulations and policies, and authorizing other financial institutions (such as the SEC and the Federal Reserve) to exercise their functions. In the U.S. financial market, monetary policy and fiscal policy serve as the two core tools of government economic management, with the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department responsible for each, respectively. These institutions maintain independence through mutual checks and balances to ensure the smooth operation of the U.S. economy and finance.

The Federal Reserve enjoys a high degree of independence in monetary policy and national economic stability, but it cannot "veto" the decision to establish a BSR.

If the Trump administration wants to quickly establish a BSR, the most direct way would be to sign an executive order after taking office, directing the U.S. Treasury to use the Exchange Stabilization Fund (ESF) to directly purchase Bitcoin. The ESF is a special fund managed by the U.S. Treasury, primarily used for foreign exchange market intervention, supporting dollar stability, and responding to international financial crises. It currently includes assets such as dollars, Special Drawing Rights (SDR), and gold. The operation of this fund is not subject to control by the U.S. Congress, and the President and Treasury have significant autonomy in its use. The President could theoretically issue an executive order to directly instruct the Treasury to adjust the allocation of ESF funds for the purchase or reserve of specific assets, bypassing Congress's direct appropriation approval and reducing political resistance. The executive order recently drafted by the Bitcoin Policy Institute aims to establish the BSR in this manner.

Image Source: Bitcoin Policy Institute

This method is the easiest to implement, and the use of ESF funds does not require prior approval from Congress, but Congress can limit its operations through investigations or legislation. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Congress imposed strict limitations on some fund operations by the Treasury. Additionally, the sustainability of a BSR established through an executive order is questionable, as executive orders are essentially an extension of executive power, and successors may revoke or modify previous decisions through new executive orders.

To establish and maintain a long-term stable BSR, another path must be chosen: through congressional legislation, incorporating Bitcoin into the Strategic Reserve Act or similar laws, clearly defining Bitcoin's status as a national strategic reserve asset. This method has stronger legitimacy and can establish a long-term framework for Bitcoin reserves. The "U.S. Bitcoin Strategic Reserve Act" previously proposed by Republican Senator Cynthia Lummis has chosen this path. The bill has now been formally submitted to Congress and is under review by the Senate Banking Committee, and it will subsequently need to pass through the Senate, House of Representatives, and presidential review to be officially enacted. Therefore, establishing a strategic Bitcoin reserve through this path will take longer and may encounter various obstacles along the way.

Whether through presidential executive orders or congressional legislation, the establishment of a strategic Bitcoin reserve ultimately needs to be led by the Treasury Department, rather than the Federal Reserve.

Image Source: Congress.gov

In addition to the above options, the Federal Reserve and the Treasury could theoretically choose a middle path for Bitcoin allocation. The Federal Reserve could purchase Bitcoin through open market operations and include it on its balance sheet. Due to its relative independence, the Federal Reserve's actions do not require congressional approval, but there needs to be a clear policy framework supporting its purchase of Bitcoin. Given the recent statements from the Federal Reserve, the likelihood of this option being realized in the short term seems low. The Treasury could establish a special fund to invest in Bitcoin as part of its fiscal investment plan, which would not change the existing legal framework, but the related financing would require congressional approval.

Regardless of the path taken, the Federal Reserve's "no" does not outright deny the BSR proposal, and the Trump pragmatists have shown support through action. According to on-chain data, just two minutes into Powell's speech, the Trump family's crypto project, World Liberty, quietly began buying altcoins. This scene undoubtedly reveals a deeper level of competition: on one hand, the Federal Reserve's lukewarm response to the Bitcoin strategic reserve plan reflects the government's cautious attitude towards emerging assets; on the other hand, the Trump family's crypto project indicates a subtle struggle between traditional power and market innovation. The delicate game between the government, traditional finance, and the crypto market may very well be a prelude to the future fate of the crypto market.

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