The bill, formally titled the “Clean Cloud Act of 2025,” seeks to amend the Clean Air Act to address escalating energy consumption tied to digital infrastructure. It mandates annual reporting from facilities using over 100 kilowatts of power, requiring disclosure of electricity sources, consumption data, and emissions intensity.

According to the legislation’s findings, U.S. data centers could account for 12% of national electricity use by 2028, driven by demand for AI and cryptocurrency mining. Bitcoin mining’s U.S. network hashrate surged 739% between 2020 and 2022, with fossil fuel plants increasingly reactivated to power these facilities.

The bill establishes emissions baselines for each U.S. region, declining annually until reaching zero in 2035. Electric utilities and covered facilities exceeding these limits would face fees starting at $20 per excess kilowatt-hour in 2026, adjusted yearly for inflation. Funds collected would support clean energy projects, consumer energy rebates, and program administration.

Facilities powered entirely by zero-carbon energy would be exempt. The legislation also requires public disclosure of facility-level energy data while protecting proprietary consumption figures. Referred to an unnamed Senate committee, the bill includes a severability clause to preserve its provisions if parts are struck down.

The bill’s emissions fees, strict timelines, and compliance costs could deter investment in experimental tech, limit startups’ scalability, and prioritize regulatory adherence over R&D. Thus, they would disproportionately burden smaller firms while favoring established players with the resources to meet standards.

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