Offchain Labs, the firm building out the Arbitrum project, has implemented Bounded Liquidity Delay or BoLD — a dispute protocol that allows for "permissionless validation" on its Layer 2 ecosystem chains and improves network decentralization and security.
Following a governance vote approval, BoLD is now active on Arbitrum chains, One and Nova. This system replaces the previously allow-listed validators with a permissionless mechanism, opening participation to anyone interested in network security.
Offchain Labs says validation on optimistic rollups has remained complex over the years. Even with fraud proofs in place, chains can still theoretically be vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks, and a malicious validator could repeatedly delay withdrawals and state confirmations.
This meant validation had to remain permissioned, the developers explained, and security required careful control over who could participate, a necessary compromise that could limit decentralization.
The launch of the BoLD protocol changes that so anyone can make state assertions on the chain, creating an open system.
“For the first time, a single honest validator can protect the network against any number of adversaries against denial-of-service attacks. State confirmations happen within a guaranteed timeframe, no matter what attackers try,” Offchain Labs said.
Arbitrum, along with other platforms like Base and Optimism, are optimistic rollups — Layer-2 scaling solutions that aim to improve Ethereum’s scalability. These rollups handle transactions off-chain and only submit transaction summaries to the Ethereum mainnet, reducing congestion and costs while maintaining security.
Optimistic rollups presume transactions are valid unless challenged, contrasting with zero-knowledge rollups that require cryptographic proofs for each transaction. This allows faster processing but relies on a system for challenging fraudulent transactions.
BoLD modernizes the fraud-proof system used in optimistic rollups by introducing an interactive, time-bound dispute resolution mechanism. This ensures disputes will be resolved within about 12 days for both Arbitrum ecosystem chains.
The most important feature is that by enabling anyone to validate transactions and challenge assertions, BoLD moves away from a permission-based validator system, promoting a more decentralized and open validation process.
Optimistic currently utilize a 7-day challenge period for fraud proofs, considered a reasonable timeframe for the Ethereum community to respond to potential attacks and maintain the security of the rollup. However, theoretically, fraud proofs may take an indefinite amount of time for dispute resolution. This is because malicious actors can prolong the dispute resolution process by continuously opening disputes and forfeiting bonds, effectively extending the challenge period.
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